Staff Software Engineer at Okta | Bengaluru, India

Join Okta, The World’s Identity Company!At Okta, we empower individuals to securely access any technology, anywhere, on any device or application. Our innovative Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform are designed to provide seamless access and authentication, placing identity at the heart of security and business expansion.We value diverse perspectives and experiences and are not seeking someone who fits a mold. We’re on the lookout for lifelong learners who can enrich our team with their unique insights.Become a part of our mission to create a world where identity is owned by the individual!About OktaOkta is the premier independent identity provider for enterprises, dedicated to facilitating secure technology usage across organizations of all sizes—from vast corporations to cutting-edge startups. As we embark on a new phase of growth, our advancements in AI and data will play a pivotal role in driving our success, enabling the creation of secure and scalable products for our customers and employees alike.The OpportunityWe are in search of a Principal Data Platform Engineer to serve as the visionary leader for our internal data platform, specifically tailored to support our AI initiatives with data that is ready for AI applications. Reporting to the Sr Manager of Enterprise Data Platform, you will be responsible for transforming our data product vision into a secure, scalable, and sophisticated technical framework. Your role will encompass owning the technical strategy, implementation, and scalability, ensuring our AI and data product roadmap is realized effectively.This position requires a technical leader capable of balancing immediate execution needs with building a sustainable infrastructure for the future. You will establish technical standards for engineering excellence, security, and governance, ensuring our core data platform is trusted and equipped to support the next generation of AI-driven products and decision-making at Okta.What You’ll DoLead the technical strategy and execution for the company's AI data platform, converting product requirements into a clear technical vision utilizing Snowflake, AWS, and dbt.Develop and implement a comprehensive security and governance framework as a foundational element of the platform, ensuring adherence to high compliance and security standards.Create automated solutions for data classification, access control, and vulnerability management (Nessus/Qualys), ensuring data integrity and security for AI usage.Implement additional solutions to enhance...

Join the Okta Family!At Okta, we are revolutionizing identity management by empowering individuals and organizations to securely access any technology, anywhere, on any device. Our innovative platforms, including the Okta and Auth0 Platforms, are designed to enhance security, streamline authentication, and facilitate automation, placing identity at the forefront of business growth and security.We value diverse perspectives and backgrounds, seeking lifelong learners who can contribute their unique experiences to our mission.Be part of a team that is building a future where identity is truly yours.About OktaOkta is committed to making the world a more secure and interconnected place by enabling organizations to embrace any technology. As the leading independent identity provider for enterprises, we collaborate with a diverse range of clients—from major corporations to innovative startups—to ensure secure connections between people and technology. Our robust AI and data capabilities are pivotal to our growth and success, powering secure and scalable products for both our customer base and employees.The OpportunityWe are on the lookout for a Senior Data Engineer to join our Enterprise Data Platform team. Reporting to the Sr. Manager of Enterprise Data Platform, you will play a crucial role in developing the data infrastructure that enables our internal AI initiatives through AI-ready data. Your responsibilities will include transforming our data product vision into a secure, scalable, and sophisticated technical framework.The ideal candidate possesses a strong passion for creating high-quality data solutions. You will contribute to establishing engineering excellence within the team and ensuring our core data platform is reliable and ready to support AI-driven decision-making at Okta.What You’ll DoDesign and maintain efficient data pipelines and models on our AI data platform, leveraging tools such as Snowflake, AWS, and dbt.Implement security and governance components to uphold compliance and security standards.Develop automated solutions for data classification and access control, and support vulnerability management processes.Utilize infrastructure as code (Terraform) and CI/CD (GitHub/GitLab) to construct, test, and deploy data infrastructure with security and reliability.Promote and adhere to best practices in code quality, system design, and operational readiness.

Okta’s mission centers on securing identity for both AI and human users. The company builds infrastructure that helps organizations navigate new technology with confidence. Okta values people who solve complex problems, take ownership, and deliver precise results. Auth0, part of Okta, provides a developer-focused authentication and authorization platform. This platform simplifies login processes and keeps user access secure and seamless. About the Data Engineering Team The Auth0 Data Engineering team designs and maintains solutions that support analytics across the company. The team manages the Data Platform and is organized into three main groups: Pipeline Team: Handles data ingestion and works with platform teams and data producers to make unstructured data quickly accessible. Warehouse Team: Partners with business teams and data consumers to model data in the warehouse, making analysis and reporting easier for everyone. Interface Team: Builds and manages connections between the data platform and external systems so that data remains consistent and reliable. Role overview This Senior Data Engineer position reports to the manager of the Data Engineering Pipeline team. The role focuses on keeping Okta’s core data platform reliable and efficient, which is essential for daily operations and company growth. The engineer will take ownership of data ingestion pipelines, work with platform teams and data producers, and help onboard new data sources from both internal and external systems. The team builds scalable data solutions using a modern toolset. This role suits someone who is self-driven and eager to create stable foundations for analytics and product innovation.

Okta’s mission centers on securing identity for both AI and human users. The company provides trusted infrastructure to help organizations manage identity safely as technology evolves. Auth0, an Okta product, offers a developer-friendly platform for authentication and authorization, streamlining secure logins for applications. The Auth0 Data Engineering team supports analytics and manages the core Data Platform. This group is organized into three areas: Pipeline Team: Handles efficient data ingestion and ensures rapid access to raw data. Warehouse Team: Models data within the warehouse, making analysis and business decisions easier. Interface Team: Oversees connections between the data platform and external systems to maintain consistent, reliable data access. Role overview The Senior Data Engineer, based in Bengaluru, reports to the Data Engineering Pipeline Team Manager. This position focuses on the reliability and performance of Auth0’s data platform, which underpins daily operations and supports growth across the organization. What you will do Take ownership of data ingestion pipelines, ensuring data flows efficiently and reliably. Work closely with platform teams and data producers to integrate new data sources. Help build scalable data solutions using modern tools and practices. Requirements Experience building and maintaining data pipelines. Ability to collaborate with technical and business teams. Proactive approach to solving complex data engineering challenges.

Discover OktaOkta stands as the world's foremost identity company, empowering users to securely access any technology, anywhere, on any device or application. Our versatile products, including the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, facilitate secure access, authentication, and automation, placing identity at the forefront of business security and expansion.At Okta, we value diverse perspectives and experiences. We seek lifelong learners who can enrich our team with their unique insights.Become a part of our mission! We’re creating a world where identity is in your hands.Get to know OktaOkta is The World’s Identity Company, enabling users to securely utilize technology across devices and applications. Our Workforce and Customer Identity Clouds provide secure, flexible access, authentication, and automation, revolutionizing digital interaction and placing identity at the core of business security and growth.At Okta, we celebrate diverse perspectives. We’re not looking for someone who ticks every box; rather, we seek lifelong learners who can enhance our team with their unique experiences.The ProductOkta’s Auth0 is an intuitive authentication and authorization platform crafted by developers for developers. We ensure safe, secure, and seamless access to applications for over 100 million daily logins globally. Our innovative approach to identity empowers this critical global service to prioritize convenience, privacy, and security, allowing customers to focus on innovation.The TeamThe Provisioning team is pivotal in enhancing Auth0's offerings for B2B clients, facilitating seamless and automated user lifecycle management at a grand scale. We are responsible for essential features that enterprises depend on to integrate their identity sources with Auth0, encompassing SCIM, Google Workspace Directory Sync, and more.

Discover OktaOkta is the world's leading identity management company, empowering individuals to securely access any technology, anytime, on any device or application. Our versatile products, including the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, offer secure access, authentication, and automation, placing identity at the forefront of business security and growth.We value diverse perspectives and experiences at Okta. We seek lifelong learners who can contribute uniquely to our team rather than just looking for candidates who meet every qualification. Join us in creating a future where identity is truly in your hands.About OktaOkta provides an enterprise-grade identity management solution, designed from the ground up in the cloud with a steadfast commitment to customer success. With Okta, you can manage access across any application, person, or device, be it employees, partners, or customers, whether applications are in the cloud or on-premise. Our solutions enhance security, increase productivity, and ensure compliance.Our service features directory services, single sign-on, robust authentication, provisioning, workflow, and built-in reporting capabilities. It operates on a secure, reliable, and extensively audited cloud platform that deeply integrates with on-premises applications, directories, and identity management systems.About the TeamThe Data Platform team is tasked with providing the foundational data services, systems, and products for Okta, significantly benefiting our users. Currently, the Data Platform team addresses challenges and enables:Streaming analyticsInteractive end-user reportingA data and machine learning platform for Okta's scalabilityTelemetry for our products and dataOur elite team is fast-paced, innovative, and adaptable. We promote ownership and hold high expectations for our engineers, rewarding them with exciting projects, cutting-edge technologies, and the opportunity to acquire significant equity in a transformative company. Okta is poised to redefine the landscape of cloud computing.About the PositionThis role presents an exciting opportunity for experienced Software Engineers to join our rapidly expanding Data Platform organization. We are committed to scaling high-volume, low-latency, distributed data services and products. As part of the Data Platform team, you will collaborate with engineers across the organization to construct the foundational infrastructure that will support Okta's growth for years to come.

Discover OktaOkta is recognized globally as The World’s Identity Company, empowering users to securely access any technology on any device or app. Our versatile solutions, the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, deliver secure access, authentication, and automation, placing identity at the heart of business security and advancement.At Okta, we embrace diverse perspectives and experiences. We value lifelong learners who can enhance our team with their distinctive viewpoints.Join us in creating a world where Identity is truly yours. About the ProductAuth0 is a developer-centric identity platform that streamlines authentication and authorization for applications. Crafted by developers for developers, we facilitate safe, secure, and seamless application access for over 100 million daily logins worldwide. Our modern identity approach enables this Tier-Ø global service to provide convenience, privacy, and security, allowing customers to focus on innovation. Learn more about our product at https://auth0.com/.The RoleWe are looking for a pioneering Engineering Manager to lead and establish our newest team: Core Frontier. This team operates at the crucial intersection of innovative product development and customer experience. Your objective is to ensure that complex features developed in the Core Identity organization (such as Native to Web, Cross-App Access, and Custom Token Exchange) are transformed into an intuitive and seamless experience for our users. You will be the advocate for a cohesive product experience, connecting intricate internal logic with the polished final product that customers engage with daily.As the first manager for Core Frontier, you will spearhead the hiring and onboarding of a high-performing team in Bengaluru while crafting the operational processes that lead to success. Collaborating with global engineering leaders, you will uphold our stringent standards for security and reliability, making sure every release adheres to the high quality our customers anticipate. While your primary focus will be on leadership and strategic team development, we seek a leader who remains close to the technical craft, offering opportunities to contribute to the codebase and architectural decisions as management priorities permit.

Discover OktaAt Okta, we are recognized as the leading identity management company globally, empowering individuals to securely utilize any technology across devices and applications. Our versatile offerings, including the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, ensure secure access, authentication, and automation, placing identity at the forefront of business security and growth.We value diverse perspectives and experiences at Okta. We seek lifelong learners who bring unique insights to help us enhance our culture. Join us in our mission to create a world where identity truly belongs to you.The OpportunityThe Migration Services team is responsible for developing essential, data-driven services that facilitate seamless customer transitions across environments in real-time. We are actively seeking an Engineering Manager to lead, mentor, and expand this vital team. This is a remarkable opportunity to influence the team's technical direction and culture from the outset while contributing to building and recruiting for this team. As a people-focused leader with strong technical expertise, you will guide architectural decisions while remaining hands-on when necessary. This role demands extensive collaboration with multiple product teams and a close partnership with our Customer Service organization, which will utilize the tools your team develops for executing customer migrations. If you are enthusiastic about nurturing high-performing teams, driving technical strategy, and delivering impactful projects, we would love to hear from you.Your ResponsibilitiesAssemble and lead a top-tier team. You will recruit, mentor, and support a group of skilled engineers, promoting a strong collaborative culture and keeping the team engaged and motivated.Own the strategy and execution roadmap. Partner with product and stakeholder teams to define your team's strategy and priorities, ensuring consistent delivery of high-quality, reliable services.Champion engineering excellence. Maintain high standards of quality, reliability, and operational robustness, advocating for best practices in software development, from code reviews to incident management.Facilitate cross-functional collaboration. Act as the primary liaison between your team and stakeholders across product, engineering, and customer service, ensuring alignment and effective execution on complex, cross-team projects.

Empower Every Identity, from AI to HumanJoin Okta in securing AI by constructing a reliable, impartial infrastructure that allows organizations to confidently navigate this transformative era. This role demands an unwavering commitment to tackle intricate challenges with significant real-world implications. We seek innovators and leaders who thrive in fast-paced environments and deliver exceptional results.Company OverviewOkta stands as the foremost independent provider of enterprise identity solutions. The Okta Identity Cloud empowers organizations to securely link the right individuals to the appropriate technologies precisely when needed. With over 6,500 pre-built integrations with various applications and infrastructure providers, Okta enables its clients, including industry giants like 20th Century Fox, JetBlue, Nordstrom, Slack, Teach for America, and Twilio, to safeguard the identities of both their workforce and clientele. Role OverviewWe are in search of an accomplished Software Engineering Manager to lead a dynamic team focused on designing and developing Identity Governance product features leveraging our Directory platform. You will mentor a talented group of engineers, enhance team performance, and drive customer satisfaction. Your leadership will promote engineering best practices, increase productivity, and elevate our engineering team's performance. We take pride in crafting elegant solutions, emphasizing scalable designs, thorough code reviews, automated testing, and an iterative process to create high-quality next-generation cloud software.

Discover OktaOkta is recognized as the world's foremost identity company, empowering individuals to securely utilize any technology, at any location, across all devices and applications. Our versatile and impartial offerings, namely the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, ensure secure access, authentication, and automation, positioning identity as the cornerstone of business security and growth.At Okta, we value diverse perspectives and experiences. We seek individuals who are lifelong learners and can enrich our team with their unique backgrounds.Become a part of our mission! We are dedicated to creating a world where identity truly belongs to you.Company Overview:Okta stands as the leading independent provider of enterprise identity solutions. The Okta Identity Cloud facilitates organizations in securely connecting the right individuals to the right technologies at the right moment. With over 6,500 pre-built integrations to various applications and infrastructure providers, Okta's customers can seamlessly and securely harness the best technologies for their business. More than 7,950 organizations, including renowned names like 20th Century Fox, JetBlue, Nordstrom, Slack, Teach for America, and Twilio, trust Okta to safeguard the identities of their workforce and customers.Position Overview:The Okta platform delivers directory services, single sign-on, robust authentication, provisioning, workflow, and integrated reporting. It operates in the cloud on a secure, reliable, and extensively audited platform, enabling deep integration with on-premises applications, directories, and identity management systems.We are in search of a proficient Staff Software Engineer to join our SaaS Connectors team, focusing on the enhancement and management of connectors to various SaaS applications such as Workday, Salesforce, GCP, AWS, and more. This role will involve close collaboration with the Lifecycle Management (LCM) team, which provides a platform for automating Joiner, Mover, and Leaver processes. The connectors allow our customers the flexibility to import and provision identity and entitlements to their SaaS applications. The primary responsibilities include designing solutions and maintaining our connectors to align with application features and scalability.Key Responsibilities:Collaborate with the senior engineering team on significant development projects, focusing on design and implementation.Engage with cross-functional teams (Architects, QA, Product, Technical Support, Documentation, and UX) to understand application-specific protocols and develop connectors.Analyze and refine requirements in conjunction with Product Management.Quick prototyping to validate scalability and functionality.

Empower Every Identity, from AI to HumanAt Okta, we believe that securing identity is essential to unlocking the full potential of AI. Our mission is to build a trusted and neutral infrastructure that allows organizations to safely navigate this transformative era. We seek proactive problem solvers who are committed to tackling complex challenges with real-world implications. If you share our drive and passion, we invite you to join us.Okta Workflows is an innovative, secure no-code automation platform that enables organizations to seamlessly create identity-centric workflows across cloud applications without needing to write code. Our user-friendly drag-and-drop interface empowers enterprises to automate intricate business processes at scale, boosting productivity, enhancing security, and streamlining IT operations.High-profile clients such as Netflix, MGM, and NTT depend on Workflows to automate critical identity scenarios with agility and reliability. As we expand, we’re focusing on extensibility, developer experience, and performance. Join our team to influence the future of cloud automation and low-code development.

Join Our Team at Safe Security At Safe Security, we're pioneering the future of Cyber Super Intelligence (CSI) with an innovative platform that autonomously forecasts, identifies, and mitigates cyber threats. We champion a culture of transparency and collaboration, ensuring that every team member feels valued and empowered in their role. We prioritize a culture-first mindset, offering unlimited vacation, a supportive work environment built on trust, and unwavering commitment to continuous professional development. Our ethos is that Culture is Our Strategy. Dive deeper into the unique qualities that make SAFE exceptional by checking out our Culture Memo.

Discover OktaOkta is the leading Identity Platform in the world, empowering users to securely access any technology, anywhere, and on any device or application. Our adaptable products, including the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, focus on providing secure access, authentication, and automation, embedding identity at the heart of business security and growth.At Okta, we embrace diverse perspectives and experiences. We value lifelong learners who can enrich our team with their unique backgrounds.Join us in our mission to create a world where identity is truly owned by the individual.Position OverviewOkta stands out as an enterprise-grade identity management platform, built from scratch in the cloud, with a steadfast commitment to customer success. Our solutions enable organizations to manage access across any application, person, or device, enhancing security, productivity, and compliance.The Okta platform encompasses directory services, single sign-on, robust authentication, provisioning, workflows, and comprehensive reporting. It operates securely in the cloud, rigorously audited, and integrates seamlessly with on-premises applications, directories, and identity management systems.We are seeking an accomplished Principal Software Engineer to join our Onboarding and Lifecycle Management (LCM) Platform team, focusing on improving and managing services related to identity importation, synchronization, and provisioning access policies such as users, groups, roles, and entitlements. These functionalities empower our customers to align and enhance their business operations with Okta’s identity management products. The ideal candidate should be:A proficient Java developer with a strong enthusiasm for creating high-quality, secure, and efficient applications and frameworks.Passionate about tackling cutting-edge security and identity management challenges, with the ability to drive technical strategy and mentor fellow engineers.A collaborative team player with exceptional communication skills, capable of engaging with cross-functional teams to realize a unified vision.More than just a builder; a catalyst who can devise frameworks and solutions that empower other teams.

Discover OktaAs the leader in identity management, Okta empowers individuals to securely access any technology, anywhere, on any device or application. Our versatile products, including the Okta and Auth0 Platforms, prioritize secure access, authentication, and automation, making identity integral to both business security and growth.At Okta, we value diverse perspectives and experiences. We seek lifelong learners who can enrich our culture with their unique backgrounds.Become a part of our mission! We are crafting a world where identity is in your hands.Senior Analyst, Field AnalyticsJoining Okta’s Go-To-Market Strategy & Operations group, the Field Analytics team is pivotal in driving insights and scalability within our global field organization. We are the engine behind analytics and strategic analysis, enabling our leaders to make informed, data-driven decisions that chart Okta's growth trajectory.In this role, you will develop impactful technical resources, from executive Tableau dashboards to standardized Snowflake datasets, while pioneering AI-driven analytics methodologies. Collaborating with US-based leadership and local teams, you will ensure our reporting framework is scalable, precise, and closely aligned with Okta’s global GTM strategy.

Are you ready to take your career to the next level? As a Principal Software Engineer at Okta, you will play a pivotal role in shaping our technology and ensuring our systems are scalable, robust, and secure. You will lead a team of talented engineers and collaborate closely with product managers to deliver innovative solutions that meet our clients' needs. Your expertise will guide the architecture and design of our applications and services, making a significant impact on our platform and customer experience.

About UsAt Rox, our mission is to empower individuals to excel in their work.Our innovative platform equips sellers with autonomous revenue agents, allowing them to concentrate on what they excel at: selling. Just as coding agents transformed engineering, our revenue agents revolutionize customer interactions.We are pioneering the revenue stack by developing the world’s first revenue operating system, covering everything from the application layer to the context system. With Rox, humans transition to orchestration roles while agents handle the complete customer lifecycle.Rox serves Global 2000 leaders across banking, hardware, construction, and advanced AI sectors, while also supporting top-tier AI innovators such as Ramp and Cognition.Our success is grounded in a shared belief in our mission, paired with an unwavering dedication to making it a reality.The TeamOur world-class team is the driving force behind our mission to redefine business operations.Our team members have:Founded and successfully exited companiesHeld top positions at Google, AWS, Confluent, and New RelicAchieved gold medals in IMO and IOIPublished groundbreaking research papersWe have raised $50M from esteemed investors, including Sequoia (Alfred Lin), General Catalyst (Hemant Taneja), Google Ventures, Elad Gil, and Chris Ré.Core PrinciplesTaste: Craft beautiful experiences.We strive for perfection in every detail, ensuring that every interaction aids sellers in their tasks and enhances their experience. We are committed to continuous improvement and innovation.Obsession: Commit unreasonably.Our commitment to our craft is unwavering. We proactively drive value and are dedicated to learning and improving our services daily.Action: Get it done.Execution is key. We prioritize thoughtful yet prompt decision-making and swift delivery, building trust through our actions.

Okta secures identity for people and AI, building infrastructure that helps organizations move forward with confidence. The company tackles complex challenges and values leaders who act decisively while delivering quality results. The FGA Developer Tooling team shapes how developers interact with Auth0 FGA, supporting both open source and SaaS platforms. The team manages SDKs in Go, JavaScript, .NET, Python, and Java, as well as the SDK generator, command-line workflows, IDE integrations, GitHub automation, developer documentation, and release strategies. All projects are open source and involve active community participation. Role overview Lead and mentor the FGA Developer Tooling team in India. Oversee development and maintenance of SDKs across several programming languages. Guide work on developer tools, including command-line workflows and IDE integrations. Drive the developer tooling roadmap to support both open source and SaaS users. Encourage open source development and community contributions. Maintain high standards for documentation and release processes. Requirements Experience leading engineering teams, preferably in developer tooling or open source projects. Strong background managing SDKs and tools for multiple programming languages. Ability to build a collaborative, high-performing team. Dedication to delivering consistent, high-quality developer experiences. Comfort working transparently and engaging with open source communities. Location This role is based in Bengaluru, India.

Discover OktaAt Okta, we are redefining identity management in the digital age. Our mission is to empower individuals to securely access any technology across devices and applications. By leveraging our versatile platforms, Okta and Auth0, we place identity at the forefront of business security and growth.We embrace diverse perspectives and experiences, valuing lifelong learners who can contribute unique insights to our team. Become a part of our vision where your identity is in your hands.Senior Operations Manager Role OverviewWe are seeking a dedicated Senior Operations Manager to enhance employee engagement within Auth0’s Engineering team in our Bengaluru office. This position is expected to be office-based five days a week.Key ResponsibilitiesCollaborate with various teams to spearhead in-person onboarding for new hires, continuously identifying and implementing enhancements to the employee experience.Facilitate Learning & Development initiatives for both new and existing employees.Coordinate company-wide meetings, including All Hands sessions.Plan and execute significant employee engagement events such as team retreats, conferences, and social gatherings, while adhering to budgetary constraints.

Discover OktaAt Okta, we are leading the way as The World’s Identity Company, empowering individuals to securely access any technology, anywhere, across devices and applications. Our innovative, flexible solutions, including the Okta Platform and Auth0 Platform, are designed to provide secure access, authentication, and automation, putting identity at the forefront of business security and growth.We value diverse perspectives and experiences at Okta. We seek lifelong learners who can contribute their unique insights to our team, rather than simply checking boxes.Become part of our mission to create a world where Identity is truly yours.About UsAt Okta, we are committed to ensuring that everyone can safely and easily use the technologies they need at any time. Imagine a world where accessing your favorite applications or connecting with workplace tools is as effortless and secure as flipping a switch. This is our purpose! We provide businesses with advanced identity solutions that simplify and secure every digital interaction.The RoleWe are seeking a Senior Product Designer to join our Workforce Identity Cloud (WIC) design team, where you will play an integral role in enhancing our products to be both intuitive and impactful. You will collaborate with a diverse, globally distributed team to tackle complex design challenges in a rapidly evolving, user-centered product environment.Your ResponsibilitiesAs a Senior Product Designer, your responsibilities will include:Leading and defining product design strategies with a user-centered, human-first approach.Working closely with product managers, engineers, and fellow designers to turn concepts into elegant, scalable solutions.Facilitating workshops and co-design sessions to gather insights and identify design opportunities.Collaborating with cross-functional teams to maintain consistent and cohesive user experiences across products.Mentoring and supporting junior designers to foster a collaborative and inclusive environment.Advocating for users by promoting a culture of empathy, accessibility, and inclusivity in all design decisions.